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Doctoral degree definition: what it is and how it works

April 21, 2026 

By: The Capella University Editorial Team

Reading Time: 9 minutes

Doctoral degrees are often associated with academics, but many working professionals start exploring them after years in the workforce.

You may be considering leadership roles or new ways to solve complex problems in your field while still balancing work and personal commitments.

At that point, the questions come quickly. What is the difference between a PhD and a professional doctorate? What does pursuing a doctorate actually look like in real life? And how do you know whether a doctoral degree fits your goals and your life, not just your resume? 

Explore the doctoral degree definition, the main types of doctorates and what doctoral study can realistically look like for working adults, so you can decide whether this path aligns with your goals, experience and capacity. 

Doctoral degree definition 

To decide whether a doctorate fits, it helps to start with a clear understanding of what a doctoral degree actually involves. 

A doctoral degree focuses on developing deep expertise through advanced coursework and a long-term research or practice-based project. Rather than only learning existing theories or frameworks, doctoral students work closely with faculty to plan, research and solve complex problems in their field. 

Most students enter doctoral degree programs after completing an undergraduate or a master’s degree, depending on the program and discipline. At Capella University, for instance, online doctoral programs require a master’s degree. This ensures you begin doctoral study with a good academic foundation. 

Types of doctoral degrees 

Once you understand what doctoral study involves, the next question is which type of doctorate aligns with how you want to work and contribute in your field. 

The term “doctoral degree” covers more than one type of program and includes a variety of project work that assesses mastery. Different types of doctorates support different learning styles and professional goals. 

Some programs place more emphasis on original research, while others focus on applying knowledge to real-world situations through professional or applied doctorate formats. 

Knowing these broad differences can make it easier to compare degree types and decide what fits your background and career goals.

Exploring doctoral degrees? See Capella’s online doctoral program options.

PhD vs. professional doctorate

A common point of confusion is the difference between a PhD and a professional doctorate.

A PhD is one type of doctoral degree, primarily centered on original research. 

These programs are typically designed for people who want to investigate unanswered questions, contribute new knowledge to a discipline or work in research or policy-focused settings. The final requirement is usually a dissertation based on original research. 
 Professional doctorates also involve advanced study and research, but they are generally oriented toward applying existing knowledge to real-world challenges.  

Rather than focusing solely on theory development, these programs emphasize practice, leadership and problem-solving within professional contexts. They often conclude with a capstone project or applied doctoral project tied to workplace or industry issues. 
Neither path is inherently better than the other. The difference lies in how you want to use your expertise and where you see yourself working long term.

Understanding how doctoral programs are structured and how they differ is only part of the decision. The next step is assessing whether pursuing a doctorate makes sense for your goals and readiness.

Learn more about the differences between a PhD and a professional doctorate.

Is a doctoral degree right for you? 

For many working professionals, the decision to pursue a doctorate is less about checking a box and more about readiness. Doctoral study asks for sustained focus, independent work and long-term commitment, often alongside employment and personal responsibilities. 

In practice, people tend to consider a doctorate when their goals begin to outgrow their current role or level of training. This may include pursuing senior leadership, shaping policy or practice in a field, teaching at the graduate level or tackling complex problems that require deeper research and analysis. 

​​At the same time, a doctorate is not a short-term effort. Progress depends on your ability to manage extended projects and stay motivated for a long period of time. 

Before moving forward, it helps to reflect on a few grounding questions:

  • Does your next career step require doctoral-level expertise, influence or decision-making? 
  • Are you motivated to work independently on complex problems with less day-to-day direction?
  • Can you protect consistent time each week for focused study and long-term projects? 
  • Are you prepared to balance academic demands with professional and personal responsibilities over an extended period?

If these questions align with both your goals and your capacity, a doctoral program may be a strong next step. 
For working adults who decide to pursue a doctorate, program structure and support can significantly shape the experience. 

Many accredited universities, including Capella, design online doctoral programs specifically for professionals who need to balance advanced study with work and personal responsibilities. Understanding how these programs are structured can help you evaluate whether doctoral study is manageable alongside your current commitments.

What doctoral study may look like for working adults

For working adults, doctoral study is usually less about rigid schedules and more about sustained, focused effort over time. In a typical week, students often balance:

  • Reading advanced material
  • Engaging in in-person or online discussions
  • Completing research-based assignments
  • Making steady progress on a dissertation or capstone project

In an online program, your interactions with faculty and peers happen through the course platform. Much of the work centers on steady progress toward larger goals, with feedback and coursework supporting the development of your dissertation or capstone over time.

Many accredited universities, including Capella University, design online doctoral programs with this reality in mind. 

At Capella, doctoral programs are offered in two learning formats to support different study styles and life circumstances.

  • GuidedPath follows a structured weekly schedule with set deadlines, regular instructor interaction and clear milestones, while allowing students to access the courseroom at any time. This format can work well for those who prefer a steady routine with built-in accountability for them to engage with course materials. 
  • FlexPath, Capella’s self-paced learning format, offers the most flexibility, allows students to move through assessments at their own pace and adjust their schedule around work and personal responsibilities.

All Capella doctoral programs are available in GuidedPath, while select programs, such as the Doctor of Business Administration (DBA), Doctor of Education (EdD) in Educational Leadership and Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP), are also available in the FlexPath learning format. 

Doctoral degree terms and definitions 

Doctoral programs often come with specialized language. If you’re new to advanced study or want quick clarification, the definitions below explain common doctoral terms you may encounter while researching programs. 

  • ABD (all but dissertation): An informal phrase used to describe a doctoral student who has completed all program requirements except the dissertation. Without completing and successfully defending the dissertation, the doctoral degree cannot be awarded. ABD is not a recognized credential.
  • Accreditation: A review process that checks whether a university or program meets established academic standards. When comparing doctoral programs, university accreditation can help you understand the school’s credibility and oversight.
  • Comprehensive exam: An assessment used in some doctoral programs to evaluate a student’s knowledge and readiness to move into the dissertation or final project stage. Also known as a qualifying, preliminary, general or major field exam, it is not required in all doctoral programs.  
  • Dissertation: The final step in the PhD process, the dissertation is an independent written project that evaluates and interprets the research the PhD candidate has completed, usually in a five-chapter format. 

The actual project depends on the program. Regardless of the field of study, it includes a substantial research component that develops into a final degree deliverable. This work is intended to contribute to the field by adding new insights or expanding on existing research. 

  • Doctoral defense: This is typically the final step before earning a doctoral degree. It’s a formal presentation and examination where a doctoral candidate defends their research in front of a panel of experts. 
  • IRB (Institutional Review Board): A university committee that reviews research proposals involving human participants to ensure ethical standards and appropriate safeguards are in place. Doctoral projects  that include human subjects typically require IRB approval. 
  • Qualitative research: A research approach that explores topics through human behavior, experiences or belief systems. It often uses interviews, open-ended questions or focus groups to gain deeper insight into how people think and act. 
  • Quantitative research: A research approach that focuses on numerical data to identify patterns, relationships or trends across groups. It commonly involves statistical analysis of survey results, experiments or other measurable data sets. 
  • Research methodology: The set of methods and strategies you use to study a problem and carry out your dissertation research.
  • Professional doctorate: A doctoral degree often with a primary focus on applied research; considered a more career-focused degree. Professional doctorates apply knowledge in the field rather than continuing research or teaching or they conduct research that may solve real-world problems in their specific field. 
  • Terminal degree: The highest academic degree available in a given field. A PhD or professional doctorate qualifies as a terminal degree. While a terminal degree represents the peak of academic study, it does not imply a single career path, role or outcome. Doctoral degree holders may apply their education across a wide range of professional or scholarly directions. 

The online doctoral journey with Capella 

If you are pursuing a doctorate while working, you need a learning experience that fits your life. 

With Capella, you complete your doctoral program primarily online, which makes it easier to stay consistent when work schedules, family needs and personal responsibilities shift. 

Your coursework follows a clear structure and you learn from faculty who bring real professional experience into the classroom. Along the way, you also have access to academic resources and support to help you manage major milestones such as your dissertation or capstone project. 

Capella’s doctoral programs span various fields, so you can choose an area that fits your interests and career direction, including:

Visit the individual program pages to see the degree type, key details and requirements. 

Ready to explore whether a doctoral degree fits your goals? Explore Capella’s online doctoral programs.

FAQs

How long does it take to earn a doctoral degree?

The timeline can vary based on program structure, field of study, prior education and the pace a student maintains. Coursework, research requirements and long-term projects such as a dissertation or doctoral capstone often unfold across several stages, which means individual progress depends on how much time and focus a student can dedicate alongside professional and personal responsibilities. 

Can you get a doctoral degree online?

Accredited universities like Capella offer doctoral programs in online formats that may allow you to complete most coursework and academic research activities remotely. Online study often includes structured courses, faculty interaction and access to academic resources through digital platforms. 

Can you work full time while pursuing a doctoral degree?

Some students pursue doctoral studies while maintaining full-time employment. This path requires careful planning, time management and sustained commitment to balance academic work with career and personal responsibilities. 

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